Long-chain PUFA profiles in parental diets induce long-term effects on growth, fatty acid profiles, expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 and selected immune system-related genes in the offspring of gilthead seabream.

The present study investigated the effects of nutritional programming through parental feeding on offspring performance and expression of selected genes related to stress resistance in a marine teleost. Gilthead seabream broodstock were fed diets containing various fish oil (FO)/vegetable oil ratios to determine their effects on offspring performance along embryogenesis, larval development and juvenile on-growing periods. Increased substitution of dietary FO by linseed oil (LO) up to 80 % LO significantly reduced the total number of eggs produced by kg per female per spawn. Moreover, at 30 d after hatching, parental feeding with increasing LO up to 80 % led to up-regulation of the fatty acyl desaturase 2 gene (fads2) that was correlated with the increase in conversion rates of related PUFA. Besides, cyclo-oxygenase 2 (cox2) and TNF-α (tnf-α) gene expression was also up-regulated by the increase in LO in broodstock diets up to 60 or 80 %, respectively. When 4-month-old offspring were challenged with diets having different levels of FO, the lowest growth was found in juveniles from broodstock fed 100 % FO. An increase in LO levels in the broodstock diet up to 60LO raised LC-PUFA levels in the juveniles, regardless of the juvenile's diet. The results showed that it is possible to nutritionally programme gilthead seabream offspring through the modification of the fatty acid profiles of parental diets to improve the growth performance of juveniles fed low FO diets, inducing long-term changes in PUFA metabolism with up-regulation of fads2 expression. The present study provided the first pieces of evidence of the up-regulation of immune system-related genes in the offspring of parents fed increased FO replacement by LO.

Plan de cuidados de enfermería con enfoque educativo dirigido a paciente adulta con insomnio y linfoma de Hodgkin / Nursing care plan with an educational approach aimed at an adult female patient with insomnia and Hodgkin lymphoma

Introducción: el plan de cuidados de enfermería estandarizado (PLACE) es un protocolo específico de cuidados, apropiado para aquellos pacientes que padecen los problemas normales o previsibles relacionados con un diagnóstico concreto o una enfermedad. Objetivo: diseñar un PLACE de quimioterapia, como una propuesta para el profesional de enfermería en la programación de los cuidados. Desarrollo: se presenta el caso de una paciente adulta de 34 años, con diagnóstico médico de linfoma de Hodgkin y tratamiento de quimioterapia, hospitalizada en el servicio de Quimioterapia Ambulatoria. Para la evaluación del estado de la paciente se utilizó la Guía de valoración para el paciente adulto por dominios y clases de la NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association); con base en un proceso de razonamiento diagnóstico, se jerarquizaron y determinaron los diagnósticos de enfermería, los resultados esperados y las intervenciones de enfermería. Se diseñó un plan de cuidados basado en la interrelación de las taxonomías NANDA, NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) y NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification). Derivado del razonamiento diagnóstico, se priorizó el siguiente diagnóstico de enfermería: insomnio R/C factores del entorno M/P dificultad para conciliar el sueño. Conclusión: el plan de cuidados de enfermería con enfoque educativo puede ayudar a mejorar el patrón y la calidad del sueño al disminuir la dificultad para conciliar el sueño. Asimismo un adecuado manejo de la medicación, manejo de la energía y del ambiente en casa y en el hospital favorece un adecuado control de la enfermedad y la recuperación.

Introduction: The standardized nursing care plan (SNCP) is a specific care protocol, appropriate for those patients who suffer from normal or foreseeable problems related to a specific diagnosis or illness. Objective: To design an SNCP with an educational approach aimed at a female adult patient with insomnia, Hodgkin lymphoma and chemotherapy treatment, as a proposal for the nursing professional in the patient care program. Development: It is presented the case of a 34-year-dd female adult patient with a medical diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma and chemotherapy treatment, hospitalized in the Outpatient Chemotherapy Service. The NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) Assessment Cuide for the Adult Patient by Domains and Classes was used to assess the patient's condition; based on a process of diagnostic reasoning, the nursing diagnoses, expected results and nursing interventions were hierarchized and determined. A care plan was designed based on the interrelation of the NANDA NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) and NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) taxonomies. Derived from the diagnostic reasoning, the following nursing diagnosis was prioritized: Insomnia R/T environmental factors M/B difficulty falling asleep. Conclusión: The nursing care plan with an educational approach can help to improve the pattern and quality of sleep by decreasing the difficulty in falling asleep. Likewise, proper medication management, energy management and the environment at home and in the hospital favors adequate disease control and recovery.

Lipid digestion capacity in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from first feeding to commercial size.

To characterise the progression of lipid digestion capacity in gilthead seabream across life cycle, the activities of bile salt-activated lipase (BAL) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were determined in the digestive tracts of cultured gilthead seabream from first feeding to marketable size (49 µg to 300 g). Four trials were undertaken with gilthead seabream of different ages, fed on diets with fishmeal and fish oil as the main dietary protein and lipid sources and 21-25% lipid contents. Larvae of 4 days after hatching (dah) to 9 dah were fed rotifers with different fatty acid profiles: control (2.8% eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; 1.6% docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; 5.4% n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 LC-PUFAs; and 0.2% arachidonic acid, ARA), low EPA (1.38% EPA, 1.6% DHA, 3.9% n-3 LC-PUFA and 0.4% ARA) or low LC-PUFA (0.7% EPA, 1.0% DHA, 1.8% n-3 LC-PUFA and 0.0% ARA) (% dry weight). Larvae fed the low-LC-PUFA diet showed a significantly lower growth at 10 dah. BAL activities were significantly higher in larvae fed the control diet than in those fed low-EPA and low-LC-PUFA diets at 9 dah. BAL activity increased with age across life cycle (49 µg to 300 g). PLA2 activity could not be detected in larvae but increased with age in juvenile and adult gilthead seabream (86 g to 295 g), similar to BAL. Results suggested a correspondence between the stimulation of lipid digestion capacity and growth performance in gilthead seabream by dietary essential fatty acids, particularly by EPA when DHA requirements are met in the diet especially in the very early stages of life cycle, when the progression of BAL and PLA2 activities could be used as indicators of the nutritional status of cultured gilthead seabream larvae. Finally, regarded that PLA2 activity was not detected in 4-dah to 44-dah gilthead seabream larvae, future works are suggested to assess the dietary effect on PLA2 activity and the PLA2 activity pattern along the larval stage of this species using a more sensitive detection method.

Parental nutritional programming and a reminder during juvenile stage affect growth, lipid metabolism and utilisation in later developmental stages of a marine teleost, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata).

Nutrition during periconception and early development can modulate metabolic routes to prepare the offspring for adverse conditions through a process known as nutritional programming. In gilthead sea bream, replacement of fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) in broodstock diets improves growth in the 4-month-old offspring challenged with low-FO and low-fishmeal (FM) diets for 1 month. The present study further investigated the effects of broodstock feeding on the same offspring when they were 16 months old and were challenged for a second time with the low-FM and low-FO diet for 2 months. The results showed that replacement of parental moderate-FO feeding with LO, combined with juvenile feeding at 4 months old with low-FM and low-FO diets, significantly (P<0·05) improved offspring growth and feed utilisation of low-FM/FO diets even when they were 16 months old: that is, when they were on the verge of their first reproductive season. Liver fatty acid composition was significantly affected by broodstock or reminder diets as well as by their interaction. Moreover, the reduction of long-chain PUFA and increase in α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in broodstock diets lead to a significant down-regulation of hepatic lipoprotein lipase (P<0·001) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 6 (P<0·01). Besides, fatty acid desaturase 2 values were positively correlated to hepatic levels of 18 : 4n-3, 18 : 3n-6, 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3 and 22 : 5n-6. Thus, this study demonstrated the long-term nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream through broodstock feeding, the effect of feeding a 'reminder' diet during juvenile stages to improve utilisation of low-FM/FO diets and fish growth as well as the regulation of gene expression along the fish's life-cycle.

Fatty Acid Profile of Neutral and Polar Lipid Fraction of Wild Eggs and Hatchlings from Wild and Captive Reared Broodstock of Octopus vulgaris.

The culture of Octopus vulgaris is constrained by unsolved problems in paralarvae rearing, mainly associated to the unknown nutritional requirements of this species in early stages. In this article we studied the fatty acid profile (total, neutral, and polar lipid fractions) in wild eggs and wild hatchlings, collected in Gran Canaria (SW) (Spain) with artificial dens, in comparison to hatchlings obtained in captivity from broodstock fed on trash fish species. Total lipids were 11.5-13.5% dw, with the polar fraction representing a 70.6-75.5% of total lipid, with lower values in wild hatchling in comparison with captive ones. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the main component in neutral and polar fatty acid profile in all samples, underlying its importance in this species. Decreasing levels of saturates and arachidonic acid (ARA) from wild eggs to hatchlings, mainly associated to the polar fraction, suggest their use during embryonic development. In hatchlings, increasing levels of oleic acid in the neutral fraction and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the polar fraction, suggests their importance in hatchlings quality. Wild hatchlings showed in the polar fraction higher oleic acid and ARA, and lower DHA/ARA and EPA/ARA ratios in comparison with captive hatchlings, suggesting a difference in paralarvae nutritional status. These results suggest the importance of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), oleic acid, and ARA, presented in the adequate lipid fraction, in the diet of broodstock and paralarvae of O. vulgaris.

DHA but not EPA, enhances sound induced escape behavior and Mauthner cells activity in Sparus aurata.

Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have a marked effect on fish behavior. There is limited information on the mechanisms involved in this effect and its relation to neuron development and functioning. Deficiency of n-3 LCPUFA reduces fish escape swimming. Mauthner cells (M-cell) are neurons responsible for initiating an escape response. The aim was to compare the effect of dietary DHA and EPA on escape behavior and neuronal activity of sea bream larvae. We studied burst swimming speed as a measure of behavior. M-cell activity was studied by ChAT immuno-fluorescence. Feeding the lowest n-3 LCPUFA levels a lower burst swimming speed. Increase in dietary EPA did not significantly improve escape response. Elevation of dietary DHA was correlated with a higher burst speed denoting the importance of this nutrient for escape swimming. Incorporation of DHA into larval tissues was proportional to DHA dietary levels and significantly correlated with burst speed. In addition, a higher immunoreactivity to ChAT, associated to a higher neural activity, was found in M-cell of larvae fed higher dietary DHA contents. These results show first evidence of n-3 LCPUFA on fish neuronal activity and their implications in behavior, denoting that DHA boosts escape swimming and this effect is at least partly mediated by the increase in neural activity of M-cell.

Physiological pathways involved in nutritional muscle dystrophy and healing in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae.

The potential muscle regeneration after nutritional dystrophy caused by high dietary DHA contents in fish and the physiological pathways involved are still unknown. To better understand this process, an experiment was conducted for 3 weeks in 14 day-old European sea bass larvae using different DHA ratios (1 or 5%). After this period, part of the larvae fed 5% DHA diet was switched to 1% DHA diet ("wash-out") for another 2 weeks. Larvae fed 5% DHA diet showed altered oxidative status as indicated by the highest TBARS values, antioxidant enzymes (AOE) expression and incidence of muscular lesions. Accordingly, "washed-out" larvae showed lower dry weight and α-TOH content. IGF-I gene expression was elevated in 5% DHA larvae at 35 dph, suggesting increased muscle mitogenesis that was corroborated by the increase in myosin heavy chain expression. It can be concluded that high dietary DHA contents alter the oxidative status and cause muscular lesions in European sea bass larvae, with morphological and molecular aspects of mammalians muscular degenerative disease.

Vitamin C enhances vitamin E status and reduces oxidative stress indicators in sea bass larvae fed high DHA microdiets.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid necessary for many biochemical, cellular and physiological functions in fish. However, high dietary levels of DHA increase free radical injury in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae muscle, even when vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-TOH) is increased. Therefore, the inclusion of other nutrients with complementary antioxidant functions, such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid, vitC), could further contribute to prevent these lesions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitC inclusion (3,600 mg/kg) in high DHA (5% DW) and α-TOH (3,000 mg/kg) microdiets (diets 5/3,000 and 5/3,000 + vitC) in comparison to a control diet (1% DHA DW and 1,500 mg/kg of α-TOH; diet 1/1,500) on sea bass larvae growth, survival, whole body biochemical composition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, muscle morphology, skeletal deformities and antioxidant enzymes, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and myosin expression (MyHC). Larvae fed diet 1/1,500 showed the best performance in terms of total length, incidence of muscular lesions and ossification degree. IGFs gene expression was elevated in 5/3,000 diet larvae, suggesting an increased muscle mitogenesis that was confirmed by the increase in the mRNA copies of MyHC. vitC effectively controlled oxidative damages in muscle, increased α-TOH larval contents and reduced TBARS content and the occurrence of skull deformities. The results of the present study showed the antioxidant synergism between vitamins E and C when high contents of DHA are included in sea bass larvae diets.

Regulation of growth, fatty acid composition and delta 6 desaturase expression by dietary lipids in gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata).

The Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases and elongases show only very limited activity in marine fish, and little is known of the possibility of enhancing Delta6 desaturase gene expression in these fish. The use of plant oils in marine fish diets is limited by their lack of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) despite an abundant content of the 18C fatty acid precursor linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids. The objective of the present study was to determine the ability of larval gilthead seabream to utilize vegetable oils and assess the nutritional regulation of Delta6 desaturase gene expression. Seventeen-day-old gilthead seabream larvae were fed during a 17-day period with one of four different microdiets formulated with either sardine fish oil (FO), soybean, rapeseed or linseed oils, respectively, or a fifth diet containing defatted squid meal and linseed oil. Good larval survival and growth, both in terms of total length and body weight, were obtained by feeding the larvae either rapeseed, soybean or linseed oils. The presence of vegetable oils in the diet increased the levels of 20:2n-9 and 20:2n-6, 18:2n-9, 18:3n-6, 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6, in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils in comparison to those fed FO. In addition, a sixfold increase in the relative expression of Delta6 desaturase-like gene was found in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils, denoting the nutritional regulation of desaturase activity through its gene expression in this fish species. However, feeding linseed oil did not increase the expression of the Delta6 desaturase gene to such a high extent.